Recovery Status from the 2013 Typhoon Yolanda: Results of a Survey in Two Typical Barangays in Tacloban City

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Notes

From here onwards, unless totally necessary, the frequency distributions and percentage numbers are no longer cited in the text because they are already written in the tables. Only the patterns and modal answers (e.g., majority, many, few, half, a third, etc.) are discussed. This is to make reading of the analyses unfettered by the figures. Throughout the manuscript, unless stated otherwise, the patterns and modal answers refer to both barangays. Separate analyses are made when there are substantial differences in the results for both barangays.

References

• City Population. (n.d.). Philippines: Tacloban City. Retrieved from City Population website https://www.citypopulation.de/en/philippines/tacloban/
• National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). (2013). Final report re Effects of Typhoon YOLANDA (HAIYAN). Retrieved from http://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/1329/FINAL_REPORT_re_Effects_of_Typhoon_YOLANDA_(HAIYAN)_06-09NOV2013.pdf
• PhilAtlas. (n.d.). Tacloban. Retrieved from https://www.philatlas.com/visayas/r08/tacloban.html
• Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). (n.d.). Census of population and housing report. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/content/census-population-and-housing-report
• Tacloban City. (n.d.). Tacloban city comprehensive land use plan 2013–2022Google Scholar

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

1. National College of Public Administration and Governance, University of the Philippines, Quezon, Philippines Ebinezer R. Florano

1. Ebinezer R. Florano

Corresponding author

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

1. Center for Social Systems Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan Yuka Kaneko
2. Graduate Program in Disaster Science, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Indonesia Teuku Alvisyahrin
3. High Court of Aceh, Banda Aceh, Indonesia Taqwaddin Bin Muhammad Husin
4. Law School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Jianping Wang
5. National College of Public Administration and Governance, University of the Philippines Manila, Quezon City, Philippines Ebinezer R. Florano

Appendix

Appendix

Survey of the current state of the local economy and community building after the mega-disaster

1. I. Questions About the Respondents Themselves

1. (1) For your age and gender, please fill in the boxes that apply. ① Age: years ② Gender: 1. Male 2. Female.

1. (2) Please fill in your home address. For ② and ③, please mark the applicable one

1. ① At the time of the earthquake: Prefecture city/town /village.
2. ② The location of your home is the same as the location of your office, workplace or school at the time of earthquake?: 1. Same municipality 2. Other municipalities(name) 3. Not working/studying at that time.
3. ③ At present: Prefecture city/town /village.
4. ④ Location relationship between your current home and your workplace/office/school location. 1. Same municipality 2. Other municipalities(name) 3. Not working/studying now.
5. ⑤ How many years have you lived in the current place: about years.

1. (3) Check the applicable housing situation before the earthquake. (Single Answer). ① Age: years ② Gender: 1. Male 2. Female. 1. owned land/ owned house 2. Leasehold land/owned house (registered) 3. Leasehold land/owned house (no registration) 4. Private Rental house/Apartment 5. Public housing 6. Other (Please Specify)

1. (4) Please put a check mark on one of the damage assessments on the “disaster damage certificate” of your house indicated by the government office after the disaster. (Single Answer) 1. House washed away 2. Completely destroyed 3. Largely destroyed 4. Half destroyed 5. Partially damaged 6. I have not received a damage assessment of my house from the government office (There a.”was” b.”was not” house damage).

1. (5) Regarding the rebuilding status of your house, please mark one that applies. (Single Answer) 1. newly built in the original site 2. Repair and renovation at the original site 3. New construction at land readjustment area 4. New construction at group relocation area 5. Newly built at the individually acquired relocation site 6. Disaster public housing 7. Private rental 8. Living in temporary housing 9. Other (Please specify)

1. (6) What was your workplace / business type before the disaster? Please mark one with 〇. (Single Answer) 1. Agriculture and forestry 2. Fishery 3. Manufacturing 4. Construction industry 5. Wholesale and retail business 6. Finance / Insurance 7. Real estate and rental 8. Transportation industry9. Information and communication industry 10. Lodging and Food Service 11. Health / Welfare / Medical 12. Education Related 13. Government Office 14. Unemployed 15. Other (Please Specify)

1. (7) Please mark one of the following that best describes your employment status and employment position before the earthquake. (Single Answer) 1. Regular staff and employee 2. Leased employee 3. Part-time job. 4. Hand manufacturing work at home 5. Company executive 6. Self-employed with employees 7. Self-employed without employees 8. On pension 9. Housewife 10. Student 11. Suspension of Business (Self-Employed) 12. Looking for a Job 13. Other (Please Specify)

1. (8) Did your occupation change after the earthquake? Please mark one that applies to you. (Single Answer) 1. Regular staff and employee 2. Leased employee 3. Part-time job 4. Hand manufacturing work at home 5. Company executive 6. Self-employed with employees 7. Self-employed without employees 8. On pension 9. Housewife 10. Student 11. Suspension of Business (Self-Employed) 12. Looking for a Job 13. Other (Please Specify) 1. Doing the same job 2. The job was suspended but resumed (when was it resumed?: Year Month) 3. Changed jobs due to the earthquake 4. Lost or closed business due to earthquake 5. Started a business under the direct impact of the earthquake 6. Changed jobs due to my own reason (other than the earthquake) 7. Retired or closed for my own reasons (other than the earthquake) 8. Started a business for my own reasons (other than the earthquake) 9. None of the above 10. Other (Please Specify).

1. (9) Questions about the sales and performance of your workplace and office
2. ① Did the impact of the earthquake affect the sales and performance of your workplace and workplace? Please mark one that applies to you. (Single Answer). 1. Were affected by the earthquake 2. The impact of the earthquake was hardly seen ⇒Go to question (10) 3. Other (Please specify)

1. ② Which of the following patterns do you think is correct about sales and performance at your workplace/company where you work for compare before and after the disaster? Please mark one that applies to you. (Single Answer) 1. The level has recovered to the level before the earthquake 2. Has not returned to the level before the earthquake 3. Performance continues to deteriorate starting before the earthquake 4. Other(Please specify)

1. ③ The biggest reason why sales and performance decreased (multiple answers allowed) 1. Buildings and equipment were destroyed and production (business) was not possible 2. The number of regular customers has decreased (the trade area has changed 3. Not enough manpower 4. Could not get funding 5. Couldn't buy goods or couldn't get the raw materials 6. Affected by whole Japan's recession 7. Other (Please Specify) 8. Sales and performance have not decreased 9. Don't know

1. ④ When did sales and performance begin to recover? Please mark one that applies to you. (Single Answer) 1. Less than one (1) year after the disaster 2. one (1) year after the earthquake 3. two (2) years after the earthquake 4. three (3) years after the earthquake 5. four (4) years after the earthquake 6. five (5) years after the earthquake 7. six (6) years after the earthquake) 8. seven (7) years after the earthquake 9. eight (8) years or more after the earthquake 10. Not recovered yet ⇒Go to the question below (10)

1. ⑤ Please tell us why sales and business performance have recovered (multiple answers are possible) 1. Orders increased because of earthquake recovery 2. Supported by economic recovery. 3. Results of sales efforts 4. Functions of equipment and machinery damaged by the earthquake have been restored 5. Received support from customers and head office 6. Customers returned 7. There was support from the government 8.Other (Please specify)

1. (10) How has the management of households changed compared to before the disaster? Please mark one that applies to you ① Income: 1. Increased 2. Did not change 3. Reduced ② Spending: 1. Increased 2. Did not change 3. Reduced ③ Deposits and savings: 1. Increased 2. Did not change 3. Reduced ④ Debt (Loan): 1. Increased 2. Did not change 3. Reduced

1. II. Questions About Changes in Your Feelings and Behaviors Related to Recovery and Reconstruction.

① When you have grasped the total image of the disaster damage?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

② When you have become thinking yourself safe?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

③ When did you give up if your inconvenient life lasted long?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

④ When your job (including job change) resumed?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

⑤ When the housing problem was finally resolved?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

⑥ When the impact of the disaster on households has ceased?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

⑦ When daily life calmed down?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

⑧ When local activities returned as before?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

⑨ When did you no longer recognize you as a victim?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

⑩ When local economy has survived disaster?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

⑪ When local roads have been restored?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

⑫ When local school education is restored?

・Within 1 year ・One year later ・Two years later ・Three years later

・Four years later ・Five years later ・Six years later

・Seven years later ・Eight years later ・I haven't got it yet ・I do not remember

1. III. Questions about the recovery situation of the local economy. please mark those that apply

1. (1) What was the nature of the local economy before the earthquake? 1. Fishing Village 2. Shopping Street 3. Fish Processing 4. Industrial Zone 5. Residential Area 6. Other (Please Specify) 7. I don't know.

1. (2) What do you think about the recovery situation of regional economic activities? 1. 10% or less recovered 2. 20 to 30% recovered 3. 40–50% recovered 4. 60 to 80% Recovered 5. Almost Completely Recovered 6. More than before the earthquake 7. I don't know

1. (3) What do you think about the reconstruction status of local shopping streets? 1. 10% or less recovered 2. 20 to 30% recovered 3. 40–50% recovered. 4. 60% to 80% Recovered 5. Almost Completely Recovered 6. More than before the earthquake7. I don't know.

1. (4) Have you received support for your business/work ? (multiple answers possible) 1. Support for agriculture (Please Specify). 2. Support for fisheries (Please Specify). 3. Group grant (Please Specify). 4. Support for other SMEs (Please Specify). 5. Other (Please Specify). 6. No, Please Proceed to (6)

1. (5) If you answered for 1. to 5. in (4), were the support measures effective 1. It Was Very Effective 2. Moderately Effective 3. Not Very Effective 4. It Was not Effective at All 5. I don't Know

1. (6) Have any private or civil organizations participated in the regional economic recovery? 1. Chamber of Commerce 2. Shopping street association 3. Agricultural cooperative 4. Fishing cooperative 5. Town Development Council 6. NGO 7. Other(Please specify) 8. I don't know.

1. (7) What do you think about the decisive factor in regional economic recovery (multiple answers possible)? 1. Leading of the administration 2. Leading of the Chamber of Commerce 3. Leading of Shopping mall association 4. New working place 5.Other (Please Specify) 6. I don't know.

1. (8) What are your thoughts on the current situation of regional population recovery? 1. 10% or less recovered 2. 20 to 30% recovered 3. 40–50% recovered 4. 40% to 80% recovered 5. Almost completely recovered 6. More than before the earthquake 7. I do not know ⇒ go to the questions in below IV.

1. (9) What do you think about the cause of the population outflow (multiple answers possible)? 1. Waiting to live there until the reconstruction public works ended 2. Lack of safety measures 3. Lack of work opportunities and places 4. Lack of living related facilities 5. Poor transportation 6.Other (Please Specify) 7. I don't know

1. IV. Questions about the status of local and community activities. Please fill in or mark applicable ones.

1. (2) Questions about the activities that have been conducted in the community. (Multiple answers possible).

1. ① What were the activities performed before the earthquake? 1. Traditional events and festivals 2. Circle activity 3. Athletic events 4. Ceremonies 5. Support for children's activities 6. Senior Citizens’ Association 7. Environmental maintenance and cleaning 8. Crime prevention activities 9. Fire and disaster prevention activities 10. Community development 11. Other (Please specify).

1. ② What are the activities being conducted nowadays? 1. Traditional events and festivals 2. Circle activity 3. Athletic events 4. Ceremonies 5. Support for children's activities 6. Senior Citizens’ Association 7. Environmental maintenance and cleaning 8. Crime prevention activities 9. Fire and disaster prevention activities 10. Community development 11. Other (Please specify).

1. ③ What activities do you want to be active in the future? 1. Traditional events and festivals 2. Circle activity 3. Athletic events 4. Ceremonies 5. Support for children's activities 6. Senior Citizens’ Association 7. Environmental maintenance and cleaning 8. Crime prevention activities 9. Fire and disaster prevention activities 10. Community development 11.Other (Please specify).

1. (3) Mark the activities you are participating in the community (multiple answers possible)

1. ① Before the earthquake: (Please mark ◎ for activities you often participated in.) 1. Traditional events and festivals 2. Circle activity 3. Athletic events 4. Ceremonies 5. Support for children's activities 6. Senior Citizens’ Association 7. Environmental maintenance and cleaning 8. Crime prevention activities. 9. Fire and disaster prevention activities 10. Community development 11. Other (Please specify).

1. ② At present: (Please mark ◎ for activities you frequently participate in.) 1. Traditional events and festivals 2. Circle activity 3. Athletic events 4. Ceremonies 5. Support for children's activities 6. Senior Citizens’ Association 7. Environmental maintenance and cleaning 8. Crime prevention activities 9. Fire and disaster prevention activities 10. Community development 11. Other (Please specify).

1. (4) What is the extent of the area in the activities you often participate in?

1. ① Before the earthquake 1. Range of the municipal level 2. Range of about middle school district 3. Range of elementary school level 4. Neighborhood block 5. Several neighbors 6. Other (Please specify)

1. ② At present 1. Range of the municipal level 2. Range of about middle school district 3. Range of elementary school level 4. Neighborhood block 5. Several neighbors 6.Other (Please specify)

1. (5) How often do you participate in activities?

1. ① Before the earthquake 1.Every week 2. Every month 3. Every Quarter 4. Once a Six months 5. Once a year 6.Other (Please specify).

1. ② At present 1. Every week 2. Every month 3. Every Quarter 4. Once a Six months 5. Once a year 6.Other (Please specify).

1. (6) What kind of organization mainly carries out activities that you frequently participate in?

1. ① Before the earthquake 1. (Residents' association) 2. (village Residents' association) 3. (community Residents' association) 4. (Community property management organization) 5. Fishery cooperative 6. Parent &Teachers Association 7. Other (Please specify)

1. ② At present 1. (Residents' association) 2. (village Residents' association) 3.(community Residents' association) 4. (Community property management organization) 5. Fishery cooperative 6. Parent &Teachers Association 7. Other (Please specify)

1. (7) Do you serve as a board member of the organization that conducts the activities you often participate in?

1. ① Before the earthquake: 1. I was a board member 2. I was not a board member

1. ② At present: 1. I am a board member 2. I am not a board member.

1. (8) Where are the places where you mostly take part in community activities? (Multiple answers possible)

1. ① Before the earthquake 1. Buildings owned by activity organization 2. School 3. Gymnasium 4. Nearby private homes 5. Pub 6. Cafe 7.Other (Please specify)

1. ② At present 1. Buildings owned by activity organization 2. School 3. Gymnasium 4. Nearby private homes 5. Pub 6. Café 7.Other (Please specify).

1. (9) Where are the places where you mostly take part in community activities? (Multiple answers possible)

1. ① ① Before the earthquake 1. Within 5 min Walk from Home 2. Within 5–15 min on Foot 3.Other (Please Specify)

1. ② At present 1. Within 5 min Walk from Home 2. Within 5–15 min on Foot 3.Other (Please Specify)

1. (10) What are the media for the notification in the community (multiple answers possible)?

1. ① Before the earthquake 1. Word of mouth 2. Circular board 3. PR magazine 4. Radio/TV 5. Wireless broadcasting 6. SNS 7. Homepage 8. Other (Please specify)

1. ② At present 1.Word of mouth 2. Circular board 3. PR magazine 4. Radio/TV 5. Wireless broadcasting 6.SNS 7. Homepage 8. Other (Please specify)

1. (11) Is there any public support for community activities?

1. ① Before the earthquake 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don't know.

1. ② At present 1.Yes 2. No 3. I don't know.

1. (12) Have you consulted or discussed the following people with regard to reconstruction in the community (multiple answers possible)? 1. Government 2. Community Leaders (Chairpersons, Etc.) 3. Neighbors 4.NPOs and NGOs 5.Construction Company/Consultant 6. Other (Please Specify)

Lastly, please feel free to write about the issues in the future of local economy and community building. Also, if you have any comments about this questionnaire, please write them down.

Thank you for participating in the survey.

When you have completed the form, please enclose the questionnaire in the envelope (no stamps required) and return it.